This work consists of conversations between Confucius, his students, and an occasional ruler. Confucius taught that the primary task of the ruler was to achieve the welfare well-being and happiness of the people of his state. To accomplish this aim, the ruler first had to set a moral good character example by his own conduct. This example would in turn influence the people's behavior. Confucius is the first Chinese thinker to introduce concepts that became fundamental not only to Confucian philosophy but to Chinese philosophy in general.
The most important of these are jen benevolence , yi propriety, or being proper , and li ritual, or ceremony. Yi represents what is right and proper in a given situation. Confucius was basically a humanist and one of the greatest teachers in Chinese history. His influence on his immediate disciples was deep. His students continued to explain his theories until, in the first Han dynasty B. Johnson, Spencer.
Kaizuka, Shigeki. New York: Macmillan, Kelen, Betty. Confucius: In Life and Legend. New York: T. Nelson, Reid, T. Confucius Lives Next Door. New York: Random House, Watson, Burton. The Tso Chuan. New York: Columbia University Press, Toggle navigation. Career as a teacher It is not known exactly when Confucius began his teaching career, but it does not appear to have been much before the age of thirty.
Final years Confucius was warmly received in Lu, but there is no indication that he was given a responsible position. Confucius's teachings Although we cannot be certain that Confucius wrote any of the works he is credited with, it is still possible to know something about the general nature of his philosophy.
For More Information Johnson, Spencer. Confucianism is the worldview on politics, education and ethics taught by Confucius and his followers in the fifth and sixth centuries B. Although Confucianism is not an organized religion, it does provide rules for thinking and living that focus on love for humanity, worship of ancestors, respect for elders, self-discipline and conformity to rituals.
As of the fourth century B. By the second century B. Today Confucius is widely considered one of the most influential teachers in Chinese history. The philosophies are still followed by many people living in China today and has influenced thinking in Japan, Korea and Vietnam. During the sixth century B. Traditional Chinese principles began to deteriorate, resulting in a period of moral decline.
Confucius recognized an opportunity — and an obligation — to reinforce the societal values of compassion and tradition. He believed that ren could be put into action using the Golden Rule, "What you do not wish for yourself, do not do to others. He believed that a leader needed to exercise self-discipline in order to remain humble and treat his followers with compassion. In doing so, leaders would lead by positive example. According to Confucius, leaders could motivate their subjects to follow the law by teaching them virtue and the unifying force of ritual propriety.
To Confucius, the main objective of being an educator was to teach people to live with integrity. The kingdom fell into civil war. Different powerful clans battled each other. Confucius is said to have sought a righteous solution during very unrighteous violence.
In BC, he left the Kingdom of Lu. It is said that he visited various small kingdoms such as Wei, Cai, Chen, and Song. His political ideas were not implemented. Some accounts said that when he was 68 years old, he taught his philosophy to about 68 or 77 disciples. He lived to be about Some accounts say that he died about the year BC.
It is said that he was buried in a cemetery called Kong Lin. In the Analects , a book of his pithy sayings, it is recorded that he said that he didn't invent any of his philosophy. He was only transmitting the ancient teachings to his disciples. He wanted them to read the ancient texts. He said he wanted to teach about the Mandate of Heaven.
This important belief of his political philosophy was that Heaven would choose a person and his clan to rule. He mixed his theology with his ideas of politics. So he encouraged everybody to behave as they should in whatever role they had in their society. He said that if they did so, there would be harmony and prosperity and happiness. He taught what is called the Silver Rule of behavior that is less expansive than the Golden Rule:. Zi Gong a disciple of Confucius asked: "Is there any one word that could guide a person throughout life?
Never impose on others what you would not choose for yourself. With coarse rice to eat, with water to drink, and my crooked arm for a pillow—is not joy to be found therein? Riches and honors acquired through unrighteousness are to me as the floating clouds.
His disciples went around the Warring States and spread these teachings. The Analects of Confucius is a book of pithy sayings attributed to Confucius and recorded by his disciples. For foreigners who want a taste of this Confucian philosophy, reading the Analects of Confucius is a good introduction since the statements are usually simple and like common sense.
It is thought that after he died, two disciples became influential philosophers who introduced important conflicting ideas that it isn't recorded that Confucius taught himself.
Mencius is said to be the writer of the Confucian text called Mencius that is an important collection of philosophical dialogues. He may have been a disciple of Confucius' own grandson. One of his basic teachings was that human nature is basically good but needs training, and he bases a lot of his philosophical theory on this axiom.
This variety of Confucian philosophy was most widely accepted in later eras and by Neo-Confucianists.
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